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College Algebra

Systems of Linear Equations

Lesson

A system of linear equations is a set of equations that share the same variables. A solution is a set of values that makes every equation in the system true at once. With two variables, the solution is an ordered pair (x,y)(x,\,y); with three, it’s an ordered triple (x,y,z)(x,\,y,\,z).

Two standard methods:

  • Substitution: solve one equation for one variable, then plug that expression into the other equation. Best when one variable is already isolated (or close to it).
  • Elimination: add or subtract equations (multiplied by suitable constants if needed) to cancel a variable. Best when coefficients line up cleanly.

Worked example 1 — elimination

{x+y=10xy=4\begin{cases} x + y = 10 \\ x - y = 4 \end{cases}

Add the equations:

2x=14    x=72x = 14 \implies x = 7

Plug back: 7+y=107 + y = 10, so y=3y = 3.

(x,y)=(7,3)(x,\,y) = (7,\,3)

Worked example 2 — substitution

{2x+3y=12x+y=5\begin{cases} 2x + 3y = 12 \\ x + y = 5 \end{cases}

From the second equation, x=5yx = 5 - y. Substitute:

2(5y)+3y=12    10+y=12    y=22(5 - y) + 3y = 12 \implies 10 + y = 12 \implies y = 2

Then x=52=3x = 5 - 2 = 3.

(x,y)=(3,2)(x,\,y) = (3,\,2)

For three-variable systems, use the same tools repeatedly: eliminate one variable to reduce to a two-variable system, solve that, then back-substitute.

How to type your answer

Type the values in order, separated by commas — no parentheses. For two-variable systems: xx first, then yy. For three-variable: xx, yy, zz. Examples: 7,3, -1,3, 1,2,3.

Practice

Work through these. Stuck? Click Get a hint.

Warm-Up

Quick problems to get going.

Problem 1

{x+y=5xy=1\begin{cases} x + y = 5 \\ x - y = 1 \end{cases}

Problem 2

{2x+y=7x=2\begin{cases} 2x + y = 7 \\ x = 2 \end{cases}

Problem 3

{x+y=10x=y\begin{cases} x + y = 10 \\ x = y \end{cases}

Problem 4

{y=2xx+y=9\begin{cases} y = 2x \\ x + y = 9 \end{cases}

Practice

Standard problems matching the lesson.

Problem 5

{x+y=10xy=4\begin{cases} x + y = 10 \\ x - y = 4 \end{cases}

Problem 6

{2x+3y=12x+y=5\begin{cases} 2x + 3y = 12 \\ x + y = 5 \end{cases}

Problem 7

{2x+y=11x+y=8\begin{cases} 2x + y = 11 \\ x + y = 8 \end{cases}

Problem 8

{x+y=82xy=7\begin{cases} x + y = 8 \\ 2x - y = 7 \end{cases}

Problem 9

{3xy=10x+y=6\begin{cases} 3x - y = 10 \\ x + y = 6 \end{cases}

Problem 10

{x+y=7yx=3\begin{cases} x + y = 7 \\ y - x = 3 \end{cases}

Problem 11

{3x+y=7xy=3\begin{cases} 3x + y = 7 \\ x - y = -3 \end{cases}

Problem 12

{xy=42x+y=14\begin{cases} x - y = 4 \\ 2x + y = 14 \end{cases}

Problem 13

{x+y=12xy=7\begin{cases} x + y = 1 \\ 2x - y = -7 \end{cases}

Problem 14

{x+y=33xy=13\begin{cases} x + y = 3 \\ 3x - y = 13 \end{cases}

Challenge

Harder problems — edge cases, trickier numbers, multiple steps.

Problem 15

{2x+3y=183x2y=1\begin{cases} 2x + 3y = 18 \\ 3x - 2y = 1 \end{cases}

Problem 16

{4x+y=13x+2y=7\begin{cases} 4x + y = 1 \\ 3x + 2y = 7 \end{cases}

Problem 17

{5x+2y=4xy=5\begin{cases} 5x + 2y = 4 \\ x - y = 5 \end{cases}

Problem 18

{2x3y=83x+y=23\begin{cases} 2x - 3y = 8 \\ 3x + y = 23 \end{cases}

Problem 19

{x+y+z=6xy+z=22x+yz=1\begin{cases} x + y + z = 6 \\ x - y + z = 2 \\ 2x + y - z = 1 \end{cases}

Problem 20

{x+y+z=2xyz=22x+yz=6\begin{cases} x + y + z = 2 \\ x - y - z = 2 \\ 2x + y - z = 6 \end{cases}

Problem 21

{x+y=1y+z=1x+z=4\begin{cases} x + y = -1 \\ y + z = 1 \\ x + z = 4 \end{cases}

Problem 22

{x+y+z=1xy+z=3x+yz=3\begin{cases} x + y + z = 1 \\ x - y + z = -3 \\ x + y - z = 3 \end{cases}